|
|
Fate of micropollutants during vermicomposting
Grasserová, Alena ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Macek, Tomáš (referee) ; Lhotský, Ondřej (referee)
Vermicomposting is recently becoming a rather popular environmentally friendly technique for stabilizing biowaste, including sewage sludge. There is an effort to utilize the sewage sludge as fertilizer on agricultural land. But apart from nutrients, the sludge also contains harmful pollutants, which subsequently after its deposition on fields can be taken up by plants and organisms contaminating the food chains. Micropollutants, the substances that can be found throughout the environment in trace concentrations, are one of the pollutants occurring in sludge. It is for example pharmaceuticals and personal care products, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, or pesticides. Their negative effects are known - they can be for instance endocrine disruption, antibiotic resistance, or the development of cancer. Although the deposition of sewage sludge on fields as a fertilizer is one of the main introduction routes of micropollutants to the environment, the content of micropollutants before deposition is not monitored nor regulated. This dissertation focuses on the fate of micropollutants during vermicomposting, especially in sewage sludge substrates. The vermicomposting method was applied to stabilize coffee spent grounds and sewage sludge obtained from distinct wastewater treatment plants mixed with...
|
|
|
Ecotoxicity tests on cellular level
Procházková, Petra ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
Endocrine disrupting compounds among significant environmental pollutants. They are dangerous both for humans and other organisms by affect their hormonal system. They enter the environment during production, use and disposal some chemicals, but they may be of natural origin. The aim of this work is to give a brief overview of possible methods of determination of the presence of ecotoxic substances in the environment, using the in vitro toxicity assays. These tests use cell cultures instead of test organisms. The work describes principles of ecotoxicity tests at the cellular level, such as cell viability assays, cell proliferation assays, assays based on the metabolic activity of cells or DNA microarrays. A significant part of this work is focused on the possibilities of determination of endocrine disruptors by selected assays. They are ligand binding assays, reporter gene assays (recombinant yeast assay, mammalian-based reporter gene assays) and cell proliferation assay called E-screen. Significance and rationale use of tests to prove the endocrine activities in environmental matrice is given through examples of studies in which the tests were used.
|
|
|
Removal of selected pharmaceuticals from the treated wastewater by oxidation processes
Novotný, Hana ; Macsek, Tomáš (referee) ; Hlavínek, Petr (advisor)
The aim of the work is research and summarize the currently available information about micropollutants with a focus on drugs and pesticides. The first part deals with the description, occurrence of micropollutants and their effects on organisms. The second part deals with the possibility of removing selected drugs from wastewater and the application of such methods in practice, and evaluates the effectiveness and economic aspects of O3, O3 + H2O2, O3 + UV and O3 + H2O2 + UV.
|
|
|
Výskyt ftalátů v potravním řetězci a jejich vliv na lidský organizmus
Kloudová, Vendula
The bachelor's thesis entitled Occurrence of phthalates in the food chain and their effect on the human organism discusses the issue of food contamination and its entry into the human body. The primary way the human body is exposed to phthalates is through the consumption of contaminated food. There are several ways in which phthalates enter the food chain. For example, contaminated feed is given to animals, resulting in the presence of phthalates in animal tissues. Subsequently, these contaminated raw materials are used in the production of food, leading to their presence in the final product. Due to their ubiquitous occurrence, this thesis also analyzes other routes of exposure to phthalates for the human body, such as cosmetic preparations or medical devices. The work first defines the physical and chemical properties of phthalates that have a significant influence on the contamination of the surrounding environment. Subsequently, it describes the metabolism of phthalates in the human body and possible ways in which they can be degraded. Furthermore, the acute and chronic toxicity of phthalates is defined here, which classifies phthalates as so-called endocrine disruptors that have an adverse effect on reproduction, prenatal and postnatal development, or carcinogenicity. Methods for detecting phthalates are also described in the thesis, and less toxic functional alternatives to phthalates are presented. Finally, legislative measures related to the issue are analyzed in the conclusion of the thesis.
|
|
|
Endocrine disruptors as ligands of nuclear receptors.
Tóthová, Veronika ; Pávek, Petr (advisor) ; Jirkovský, Eduard (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Student: Veronika Tóthová Supervisor: prof. PharmDr. Petr Pávek, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Endocrine disruptors as ligands of nuclear receptors Endocrine disruptors are synthetic substances used in many areas of industry or agriculture that negatively affect and interfere with the functions of the endocrine system. Their negative effects have been mentioned since the beginning of the 20th century, but only recently have more attention been paid to them due to their adverse effects on the human organism and the environment. In the thesis, we summarized the mechanisms of action of the most well-known endocrine disruptors on selected nuclear receptors. Specifically, it was bisphenol A and phthalate-type compounds. From nuclear receptors, we focused on PPAR (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors), Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and Aryl androstane receptor (AHR). From the information obtained, it follows that we are in constant contact with these substances, and therefore we should devote more attention to studying their effects, because not all mechanisms of action and effects of these compounds are completely known. In this way, we could increase the safety of using these substances,...
|
|
|
Mixture toxicity of estrogenic endocrine disruptors in samples from the Czech Republic
Černá, Tereza ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Klusoň, Petr (referee) ; Šváb, Marek (referee)
The environment is contaminated by countless toxic chemicals of mainly anthropogenic origin; therefore, elucidating the impact of chemical mixtures is one of the biggest challenges of current research. Endocrine disruptors (EDs) acting through the oestrogenic nuclear receptor are typical representatives of the mixture toxicity concept of concentration addition, which can be accurately predicted using the latest mathematical models. Oestrogenic activity and oestrogenic EDs have been detected in many matrices across the globe in biologically relevant concentrations; therefore, they are considered a high risk. The presence of synthetic steroids in the aquatic environment in units of ng/l can disrupt the hormonal pathways of individuals and subsequently cause fatal changes in whole populations. However, if the exposure is terminated, the ecosystem will recover in a few years. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are able to remove a large number of chemicals, including synthetic and natural oestrogenically active compounds; nevertheless, their occurrence in WWTP effluents and in sewage sludges is frequent. Therefore, WWTPs are considered significant sources of agricultural and water ecosystem pollution. This dissertation thesis focuses on the mixture toxicity of oestrogenic EDs and their occurrence in...
|
|
|
Development of LC-MS method for determination of selected endocrine disruptors
Chvalkovská, Eliška ; Kučera, Radim (advisor) ; Štěrbová, Petra (referee)
Charles University Phaculty od Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Candidate: Eliška Chvalkovská Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Radim Kučera, Ph.D. Consultant: Mgr. Martin Novák Title of thesis: Development of LC-MS method for determination of selected endocrine disruptors The thesis is focused on the development and optimization of LC-MS method for the determination of twelve endocrine disruptors in amniotic fluid of pregnant women in the third trimestr of pregnancy. There is a suspision that premature births are connected with an increased incidence of endocrine disruptors in amniotic fluid. The analytes were extracted by liquid-liqud extraction with 4-methylpentan-2- on. The analytical method is based on using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography with Hypersil C4 GOLD column (2.1 × 100 mm, particles 1.9 µm). For analysis the gradient elution with the mobile phase A (0.5% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution) and B (0.5% (v/v) formic acid solution in acetonitrile) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min, injection 5 µl and column oven temperature 35 řC was used. The high- resolution mass spectrometer Orbitrap Q Exative Plus with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in positive mode was used to identify and determine the response of...
|
|
|
Development of LC-MS method for determination of selected endocrine disruptors
Chvalkovská, Eliška ; Kučera, Radim (advisor) ; Štěrbová, Petra (referee)
Charles University Phaculty od Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Candidate: Eliška Chvalkovská Supervisor: doc. PharmDr. Radim Kučera, Ph.D. Consultant: Mgr. Martin Novák Title of thesis: Development of LC-MS method for determination of selected endocrine disruptors The thesis is focused on the development and optimization of LC-MS method for the determination of twelve endocrine disruptors in amniotic fluid of pregnant women in the third trimestr of pregnancy. There is a suspision that premature births are connected with an increased incidence of endocrine disruptors in amniotic fluid. The analytes were extracted by liquid-liqud extraction with 4-methylpentan-2- on. The analytical method is based on using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography with Hypersil C4 GOLD column (2.1 × 100 mm, particles 1.9 µm). For analysis the gradient elution with the mobile phase A (0.5% (v/v) formic acid aqueous solution) and B (0.5% (v/v) formic acid solution in acetonitrile) at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min, injection 5 µl and column oven temperature 35 řC was used. The high- resolution mass spectrometer Orbitrap Q Exative Plus with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization in positive mode was used to identify and determine the response of...
|
|
|
PPCP in water and their influence on water ecosystems
Bláhová, Marie ; Fuksa, Josef (advisor) ; Matoušková, Milada (referee)
The aim of the bachelor thesis is to identify the main representatives of a wide group of Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP for short) and to explain the reasons why they pose an increasing risk to aquatic ecosystems. In the theoretical part, the work is devoted to defining the concept of PPCP and explaining the main reasons why their concentration in the aquatic environment has been growing steadily in recent decades. It also deals with the division into the main groups of preparations found in the aquatic environment, their characteristics, documented impacts on aquatic organisms and currently detected concentrations in the world's rivers. In the following chapters, the thesis addresses the issue of the effectiveness of the removal of these substances and the mechanisms by which they can be improved. The work briefly summarizes the effects on the organisms caused by both bioaccumulation and endocrine disruption and at the end of the theoretical part deals with the properties of ten selected drugs, which are regularly detected in Czech rivers. The practical part evaluates the volume of sales of ten drugs in the Czech Republic during 2019, their detected concentrations in the rivers Vltava, Elbe, Morava and Dyje and processing these data to assess the risk of concentrations found for...
|
|
|
Optimization of endocrine disruptors determination in wastewater treatment plant sludge and application of the method in environmental samples.
Medková, Jaroslava ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Tesařová, Eva (referee)
Hormonaly active compounds in wastewaters represent nowdays a serious problem. Proceses currently used in watewater treatment plants (WWTP) are unefficient in removing these compounds from contaminated wastewaters. The compounds are supposed to sorb onto solid sludge elements and sediments. In this work seven endocrine disruptors were detected in the sludge samples from WWTPs. A new sensitive method for detection of seven selected endocrine disruptors (4-nonylphenol, bisphenol A, estriol, 17β-estradiol, estrone, 17α- ethynylestradiol, irgasan) was developed. The method is based on accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and solid phased extraction. For final extract analysis, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used. The efficiency of this method was tested using artificially contaminated sludge and the method was used to analyse real samples from several WWTPs in Czech Republic. The effect of sludge age on detection of individual analytes was assessed as well. The concentrations of endocrine disruptors measured in the samples reached up to 1 µg/g. The results are comparable or higher then those reported in other works and they show the necessity of further research on endocrine disruptors in the environment.
|
guest ::
